JOS MALDA

Professor in Biofabrication in Regenerative Medicine

Prof. Jos Malda is a pioneering scientist in the regenerative medicine field of biofabrication. His ground-breaking work on the convergence of biofabrication technologies, such as extrusion-based and volumetric printing with melt electrowriting, laid the foundation for the creation of functional living implants with extraordinary/bioinspired structural complexity and high resolutions. With this, he has transformed the field of osteochondral regenerative medicine, and durable fibre-reinforced composite implants are now progressing towards the human and veterinary clinics. Malda leads and mentors an international and interdisciplinary team at the Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht. He is also a leading educator and initiated the world’s first international master's degree in biofabrication (2015), as well as the first annual summer course in 3D printing and biofabrication (2013), and continues to direct both. He has received multiple international awards from the biofabrication and regenerative medicine communities. He was elected President of the International Society for Biofabrication (ISBF) from 2014 to 2018. He currently serves as Vice President (2025-2027) of the International Cartilage Regeneration and Joint Preservation Society (ICRS).

RESEARCH TEAM

Postdoctoral RESEARCHERS

Assistant Professor
Dr. Mylène de Ruijter (ORCID: 0000-0002-8685-8379) is assistant professor at the department of Orthopedics (UMC Utrecht) and the department of Clinical Sciences, faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Utrecht University). She received her PhD cum laude from Utrecht University based on her thesis entitled: “Diarthrodial joint resurfacing: Multi-scale biofabrication of mechanically stable implants. Osteochondral tissue regeneration in the knee joint.” for which she also won the “Anna Fonds Proefschriftprijs 2021”. She developed osteochondral implants that were mechanically stable enough to withstand the challenging in vivo joint environment, through the convergence of various 3D bioprinting technologies, including melt electrowriting (as fibre reinforcing technology), and translates this towards patient-specific implants. Mylène leads workpackages in (inter)national consortia and is co-promotor of multiple PhD-candidates in the group. While her main focus is in the osteochondral field, she also closely collaborates with researchers on other technologies and tissue types, including cardiac and kidney tissue.

Postdoctoral Researcher
Aylin received her PhD in Bioengineering from İzmir Institute of Technology in Turkey following her master’s degree in Biomechanics from Dokuz Eylul University in Turkey. During her master's thesis, she focused on studying decellularization and recellularization methods for meniscus and cartilage tissue to obtain functional tissue-like biomaterials that mimic the native tissue architecture better. Her PhD thesis, entitled “Development and characterization of novel bioinks using decellularized extracellular matrix for bone tissue engineering applications” focused on decellularization of the bone tissue and combine decellularized bone extracellular matrix with different polymers and cells to find better bioink composition that can be used in 3D bioprinting technology for bone tissue engineering applications. During her PhD thesis study, she worked as a guest researcher at Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg in Germany and Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, Technical University of Dresden in Germany regarding the different projects on bioink development. Currently, she works as a postdoctoral researcher based on cartilage regeneration focuses on developing large-scale implants utilizing various 3D bioprinting technologies in the Malda lab.

Postdoctoral Researcher
Sara holds a degree in Biomedical Engineering from Politecnico di Torino. During her master's thesis, she collaborated with the Italian Institute of Technology, focusing on the fabrication of 3D cellular scaffolds using two-photon polymerization. She then pursued a PhD in Bioengineering at the University of Genova, where her research centered on the use of sustainable biomaterials to promote neuronal differentiation of hiPSCs in both 2D and 3D environments. As part of her doctoral training, Sara joined Prof. Gottardi's laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. There, she worked on a project aimed at cranial bone regeneration using a decellularized cartilage-derived scaffold to support endochondral ossification. Currently, she is a postdoctoral researcher specializing in cartilage regeneration and advanced biofabrication techniques.

Assistant professor
Jasmijn Korpershoek is an assistant professor at the department of orthopaedic surgery at UMC Utrecht. She completed her MD in 2017 and her Ph.D. in 2022 at Utrecht University. Her curiosity and dedication to improving patient care through translational research have motivated her to pursue a career in academic research. Jasmijn is interested in cell-based approaches for regeneration of cartilaginous tissues from fundamental to clinical research. Her current goal is to advance IMPACT cell therapy from clinical trials to regular care. In 2021, she won the Prof. Dr. Ir. Rik Huiskes award (best basic science abstract) of the Dutch Orthopaedic Society for her work on mitochondrial transfer between MSCs and chondrocytes as an underlying mechanism for the IMPACT cell therapy. Jasmijn is a member of the translational science committee of the International Cartilage Regeneration & Joint Preservation Society (ICRS). She co-supervises multiple PhD-candidates and has a strong collaboration with Mayo Clinic, MN, USA.

Postdoctoral Researcher
Noam has a multidisciplinary background at the intersection of mechanical engineering and bioengineering. He completed his engineering degree in Mechanics and Materials Science at the French Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, alongside a master’s degree from the Paris Biomedical Engineering program. He then pursued a PhD at the Institut Curie, under the supervision of Claire Wilhelm and Stéphanie Descroix, on “Magnetic engineering of anisotropic muscle tissue.” His doctoral research focused on developing innovative magnetic-based strategies to engineer muscle tissues and study how mechanical stimulation influences their maturation. In the Malda Lab, Noam will continue exploring the musculoskeletal system, shifting his focus toward articular cartilage. He will apply his expertise in microfabrication and tissue engineering to study how structural and mechanical cues drive cartilage formation and maturation, aiming to engineer more physiologically relevant in vitro cartilage models.

Postdoctoral Researcher
Hyunho specializes in the intersection of machine learning and computer vision. He holds an MSc in automation and robotics from TU Dortmund and a PhD from Trento University, focused on deep learning optimization. Driven by the potential for personalized medicine and treatment, he previously worked as a postdoc at Erasmus MC, developing deep learning methods for medical image analysis and cardiovascular risk estimation. At Maldalab, Hyunho integrates machine learning into biofabrication workflows to advance regenerative medicine. His work emphasizes AI-driven monitoring, defect detection, and the optimization of bioprinting processes for cartilage regeneration. By leveraging data-driven modeling and control, he aims to enable the automated, precise, and reproducible fabrication of patient-specific functional tissues. This research is conducted in close collaboration with ICAT, Biomotion, and partners within the Utrecht AI-Lab initiative.

Postdoctoral Researcher
Paulina is originally from Mexico and has a master's in Regenerative Medicine and Technology (Utrecht University). She obtained her PhD in Regenerative Medicine under the supervision of Prof. Jos Malda and A/Prof. Riccardo Levato, where she focused on developing advanced in vitro models for biomedical research and advancing the novel volumetric bioprinting technique. She has experience with various 3D printing technologies, bio-ink development and characterization and 3D cell culture. Her research mainly focuses on the development and advancement of bioprinting technologies and their applications for a broad range of tissues and organs (e.g. liver, cartilage, heart) with state-of-the-art biological components like organoids and induced pluripotent stem cells. Alongside her research work, she is the program coordinator for the Master of Science course in Biofabrication at Utrecht University.

Postdoctoral Researcher
James has a background in physical and polymer chemistry, and is enthusiastic to apply their broad knowledge in a more applied direction. He carried out his PhD in the Physical and Colloidal Chemistry group in Utrecht University, where he investigated the pH-driven transitions of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes. His worked spanned synthesis, theory and simple numerical calculations. As a hobbyist, with his own simple FDM 3D-printer, he is fascinated by the potential therapeutic applications of 3D biofabrication technology. He is excited to carry out research in a new field, allowing him to learn new approaches and techniques. His postdoctoral work involves the chemical modification and biofunctionalization of melt electrowritten fibre structures, with the aim to improve their properties as reinforcement structures in cartilage regeneration constructs.

Phd candidates and junior researchers

Gerardo is originally from Mexico City, Mexico. He received a BSE from the University of Pennsylvania and an MSc from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in materials science and engineering. He started his PhD in 2021 under the supervision of Dr. Miguel Castilho as part of the BRAVE consortium. His work focuses on melt electrowriting and 3D printing of responsive fiber-reinforced hydrogels for the repair of infarcted myocardial tissue
Co-supervisor: Dr. M. Castilho, UMC Utrecht

Alba obtained her BSc in Biotechnology from the University of Zaragoza (Spain), with a specialization in liver tissue engineering and vascularization. She went on to obtain a MSc in Regenerative Medicine and Technology from Utrecht University, with a focus on organoids, co-culture systems, 3D bioprinting and ex vivo organ perfusion. Her current PhD work focuses mainly on articular cartilage, with a focus on collagen architecture and development, to generate functional in vitro tissue for joint treatment and transplantation.
Co-supervisor: Dr. M. de Ruijter, UMC Utrecht

Céline completed her bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering at TU Delft and continued with a masters in High Tech Engineering with a specialization in Micro and Nano Engineering. For her master’s thesis she worked on a more physiologically relevant in vitro model for primary brain tumours. After graduating she continued working on the project part time to publish the findings.
Alongside this she worked for a small company that develops automation solutions for biological experiments, working on a lightsheet microscope coupled with automated sample handling for zebrafish research.
In her PhD she will work with advanced bio-fabrication techniques shaping a toolbox for next generation cardiovascular tissue.

Lisanne holds a BSc in Medical Engineering from the University of Tuebingen and the University of Stuttgart in Germany. She went on to pursue an MSc at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, where she focused on biomaterials. During her master's program, she completed an internship at the MERLN Institute in Maastricht, where she developed a multi-technology biofabrication approach for regeneration of the temporomandibular joint. Lisanne's project focuses on combining melt-electro writing with bioprinting for cartilage regeneration.
Co-supervisor: Prof. Daniel Kelly (Trinity)

Carolina obtained an integrated MSc in Biological Engineering from Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, where she built a strong foundation in bioreactors, cell biology, and tissue engineering. After graduating, she worked as a Research Assistant at BOKU University, focusing on advanced 3D cell cultures, extracellular vesicle production, and biomaterial development and characterization. Currently, her PhD research focuses on developing and integrating novel bioprinting platforms to spatially pattern microtissues into personalised, load-bearing grafts.

Junior Researcher
Georgia came to Utrecht from the United States after receiving her BSc in Neuroscience and Bioengineering from the University of Oregon. There, she worked with Melt Electro-Writing (MEW) technology to design and fabricate tubular scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration. Continuing her work with MEW, her research focuses on using multi-axis robotic systems to produce complex melt electro-written 3D scaffolds for patient-specific osteochondral implants.

Jasmijn obtained a BSc in Biomedical Sciences and an MSc in Regenerative Medicine & Technology from Utrecht University, where she developed expertise in cardiac tissue engineering and stem cell culture. Since 2023, she has been pursuing her PhD focusing on advancing 3D cardiac tissue-engineered constructs for disease modeling and clinical translation using melt electrowriting and volumetric bioprinting.
Co-supervisors: Prof. Joost Sluijter, Dr. Alain van Mil, and Dr. Vasco Sampaio Pinto

Antonia is a Greek biotechnologist, with an MSc in Reproductive-Regenerative Medicine from the University of Athens, Greece. Upon graduation, Antonia worked in the field of human clinical embryology and assisted reproduction. In 2023, she embarked on her PhD journey in Regenerative Medicine. Her PhD is focused on the development of patient-specific 3D implants for addressing significant cartilage defects. She primarily works on 3D aggregate-based culture systems and convergence of bioprinting technologies to enable the formation of cartilage-like tissue.
Co-supervisor: Dr. M. de Ruijter, UMC Utrecht and Dr. R. Levato, UMC Utrecht

Alasdair is from Edinburgh, Scotland. He studied biomedical science, then went on to an MSc in stratified medicine and pharmacological innovation. His PhD focuses on the validation of novel models and methodology being developed within the Utrecht advanced in vitro models hub. He aims to identify and position these in vitro models as alternatives for animal experimentation in collaboration with key stakeholders (regulatory, industry, scientists) and develop a pathway for other researchers to validate their models.
Co-supervisor: Prof Roos Masereeuw, Utrecht University

Gabriel is an Austrian computer scientist and he holds an MSc in Biofabrication (Utrecht University). He started his PhD in 2022. He has a background in software engineering and ample experience with different 3D printing systems. His PhD focuses on the convergence of printing technologies with a focus on machine learning as a tool to automate and enhance state of the art approaches in regenerative medicine
Co-supervisor: Dr. R. Levato, UMC Utrecht

Sammy is an Australian researcher from Brisbane. He holds a BSc in Physics from The University of Queensland; as well as a dual MSc in Biofabrication from both the Queensland University of Technology and the University of Wurzburg. With prior experience in experimental optics and extensive work with melt-electrowriting, his interests have now turned towards volumetric bioprinting. As such, his project is focused on improving this technique to enable for the fabrication of both accurate and highly complex multicellular tissue engineering scaffolds within a matter of seconds.
Co-supervisor: Dr. R. Levato, UMC Utrecht

Lennard is a Dutch mechanical engineer from the Utrecht region. As of 2022, he started a PhD in biofabrication pursuing research on large-scale osteochondral implants. Using his engineering expertise, Lennard is working on optimizing, scaling, and convergent 3D bioprinting techniques. The purpose of his PhD is to create personalized 3D-bioprinted implants for deep cartilage defects.
Co-supervisor: Dr. Mylène de Ruijter, UMC Utrecht and Patrick van Veenendaal, Hogeschool Utrecht

Meng is from China and holds a master`s degree in Optical Engineering∣3D Printing (Beijing University of Technology). After graduation, she worked as a research assistant at Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), mainly focusing on the development of resilient, cell-inducive composite hydrogel for cartilage repair and regeneration. The purpose of her PhD work is to stimulate maturation of functional articular cartilage tissue via spatiotemporal 3D bioprinting of algae
Co-supervisor: Dr. Mylène de Ruijter, UMC Utrecht

Marie obtained her BSc in Science at Radboud University Nijmegen, with a focus on chemistry and biology. She went on to pursue a MSc in molecular sciences, with a specialization in medicinal chemistry, during which she worked on polymer chemistry, hydrogels, microfluidics and bioink development. Marie’s PhD project focuses on investigating the formation of the collagen network in articular cartilage via a cartilage-on-a-chip system, with the goal of enhancing biofabrication strategies for the regeneration of articular cartilage.
Prof. Frank Zaucke (Goethe University Frankfurt)

Marlena is originally from Poland, and she holds an MSc in Veterinary Medicine from University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland. She is enthusiastic about veterinary orthopedics and has experience with veterinary anatomy and small animal surgery. She started her PhD in 2022, under the supervision of Prof. Jos Malda. Her PhD work focuses primarily on evaluation of the microarchitecture-function relationship of cartilage tissue of the musculoskeletal system of terrestrial and aquatic mammals.
Co-supervisors: Prof. René van Weeren, UU – Utrecht University; Dr. Riccardo Levato, UMC Utrecht and Dr. Lonneke IJsseldijk – Utrecht University

Sandra is a biomedical scientist with German and Burmese roots. She holds a double master’s degree in biomedical and medical sciences from Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine and Maastricht University. Throughout her studies, Sandra developed a strong passion for regenerative medicine, inspired by its versatility across fields and the potential to bridge fundamental cell biology with real-world patient care. Now her PhD project focuses on investigating MSC-chondron crosstalk using techniques like single-cell RNA sequencing and optimizing cell therapy integration with biofabrication.
Co-supervisor: Dr. Jasmijn Korpershoek, UMC Utrecht

Sonny is a medical doctor and researcher born in Rotterdam. During his BSc in Nanobiology at TU Delft, he developed a technical background working on coalescence-based diagnostics and in silico CRISPR/Cas modeling. As a visiting student at EPFL in Switzerland, he focused on machine learning and statistical physics. He holds a degree in Medicine and Clinical Research from the graduate-entry SUMMA program at Utrecht University, during which he gained experience in organ-on-a-chip technology at RMCU. After working as a medical doctor in Meander MC, he now performs is PhD research within the DRIVE-RM consortium, bridging Prof Verhaar's work on translational kidney regeneration with Prof Malda's expertise in biofabrication.
Co-supervisor: Prof. Marianne Verhaar, UMC Utrecht

Núria is originally from Barcelona where she obtained a BSc in Biotechnology with a specialization in Biomaterials where she developed novel ECM-like materials for electrospinning. Once graduated, Núria moved to Business Development in collaboration with the European Commission writing project proposals and building consortia for Horizon 2020, ERC and EiTHealth initiatives. During that stage, she obtained a post-graduate degree in IP protection and technology transfer. Núria holds an MSc in Biofabrication (Utrecht University) and started her PhD in 2022 in the development of smart Organs on Chip. Her expertise ranges from optimization and development of printing technologies to tissue engineering and micro-perfused systems
Co-supervisor: Dr. R. Levato, UMC Utrecht

Zoé, originally from Belgium, obtained her MSc in Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences from Utrecht University. She is now a PhD candidate within the DRIVE-RM consortium, jointly supervised by Prof. Malda and Prof. Kapitein. Her PhD work currently focuses on applying super-resolution imaging techniques, particularly expansion microscopy, to visualise mechanosensors in articular cartilage.
Co-supervisor: Prof. Marianne Verhaar, UMC Utrecht

Fianne obtained her BSc in Biomedical Sciences at Utrecht University, during which she gained experience in regenerative medicine, particularly using organoid models. Motivated by a strong interest in clinical translation, she pursued the Selective Utrecht Medical Master (SUMMA), an integrated programme that trains medical doctors as clinician-scientists. Through this, she developed a keen interest in bridging the gap between scientific innovation and patient care. Her PhD project focuses on the clinical implementation and optimisation of osteochondral allograft transplantation as a treatment strategy for cartilage-bone defects, aiming to bring regenerative solutions closer to standard clinical practice.
Co-supervisors: Dr. Jasmijn Korpershoek and Dr. Roel Custers, UMC Utrecht

Research Technicians and operators

Mattie is a senior research technician and labmanager. His main areas of expertise are histology and microscopy. Mattie’s histological focus is on bone and cartilage tissue, with special attention to 3D cultured in vitro and in vivo constructs. Other techniques Mattie uses are cryo and paraffin histology, but also hard tissue (including metal implants) histology. Mattie also specialises in microscopical techniques, including brightfield, fluorescence and confocal microscopy

Inge is a Biofabrication/ Tissue Engineering Technician.

Bram is a Biofabrication Technician/Operator with a bachelor's degree in Mechatronics (Hague University of Applied Sciences) with expertise in control engineering, positioning techniques, and rapid prototyping using 3D-printers and laser cutters. He supports and collaborates with the Biofabrication team on several projects. Within and outside the team, he trains PhD candidates, postdoctoral researchers, and their interns to make optimal use of the 3D printer facilities and other additive manufacturing methods. He also keeps track of maintenance and optimizes the use of these machines.

Research SUPPORT

Research Manager
Adriana has obtained her PhD in health economics and evidence-based medicine from the Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP)., Brazil. Driven by a desire to further her career, she embarked on a postdoctoral period in epidemiology and pharmacoeconomics at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Subsequently, she has occupied diverse roles in research support and management in both The Netherlands and Portugal. Presently, she holds the position of research manager for Professor Jos Malda's team in Regenerative Medicine at UMC Utrecht.

Secretary

Innovation Center for Advanced Therapies (ICAT)

Maaike Braham works as Biofabrication and Tissue Engineering Specialist at the Innovation Centre of Advanced Therapies (ICAT). She completed her Master in Technical Medicine cum laude in 2014, after which she finished her PhD in Regenerative Medicine at the department of Orthopedics (UMC Utrecht) in 2019. During her PhD, she focused on the development of an human in vitro bone marrow model, that can be used as a platform to culture hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, as well as multiple myeloma cells. The developed model was further validated, also studying the feasibility of assessing patient specific therapeutic responses on cultured myeloma cells.
After her PhD, she continued as a Post Doc at the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (2019-2022), as part of the Target2B consortium, working on a synthetic human 3D in vitro lymphoid model to study B cells. She continued this research line at Sanquin during her following Post Doc (2023-2024), further developing the lymphoid model to study human B-T cell interactions, and adaptive immune responses following antigen or vaccine exposure.
Together with the ICAT team and the group of Jos Malda, she is now pursuing the translation of biofabricated implants towards an approved clinical treatment.

Anna works as a research technician at the Innovation Center for Advanced Therapies (ICAT). She holds a master’s degree in Medical Biotechnology from Wageningen University & Research and previously worked closely with emerging startups in the biotech sector.
At ICAT, she contributes to multiple research projects, maintains laboratory equipment, and helps ensure a safe and efficient working environment for fellow researchers.

Joost holds an MSc in Product Development and Business Engineering. Since 2017, he has been part of the Malda Lab in a part-time position. Supporting the Biofabrication facility in developing advanced robotic Biofabrication platforms and expanding the EHD laboratory facilities.
Next, he ran his first company in systems engineering and sensor technology and had a leading position in a fast-growing engineering start-up in Robotics and Artificial intelligence.
In 2023, he fully joined the ICAT Team as project manager of the Biofabrication pilot facility and as the ICAT business developer, combining his industrial and entrepreneurial expertise in the translational field of regenerative medicines.

Liza works as a research technician at the Innovation Center for Advanced Therapies (ICAT). She attained her master’s degree in Molecular Life Sciences at Wageningen University & Research and previously worked at the Centre for Translational Immunology (UMC Utrecht). At ICAT she works on the translation of biofabricated implants for regenerative purposes.

Visiting RESEARCHERS

Full Professor/ Universidad Nacional- Costa Rica
As veterinarian, he worked in the academy, private clinics, and as Supervisor of the Screwworm Eradication Program and Surveillance of Exotic Diseases (1995 - 2010). He obtained the specialty in medicine, surgery and equine reproduction (2004). In 2019, he obtained a PhD in Equine Regenerative Medicine at Utrecht University. He was Vice-Dean and Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences (2010-2020). Currently, he is Professor and the head of research projects in the Equine, Large Animal and Regenerative Therapies Hospital at the Universidad Nacional- Costa Rica.

Assistant Professor / University of Eastern Finland/University of Calgary
Dr Eng Kuan Moo is a trained scientist in biomedical engineering interested in understanding the structure- composition-function relationships and cell-tissue interactions in soft connective tissues. He has worked with biological tissues such as articular cartilage and skeletal muscles. Dr Eng Kuan Moo answers his research questions through carefully designed experiments and theoretical modelling. By understanding how mechanical forces are transduced through multi-scales to the cells, and how cells interact with the surrounding structural network in their native environment, he hopes to apply this knowledge in the field of tissue engineering with the ultimate goal of bio-fabricating a viable and functional tissue substitute for patients who suffer from soft tissue injuries/diseases.

Visiting Postdoctoral Researcher
Mohammad is originally from Iran and has a MSc degree in Biomedical Engineering (Politecnico di Milano, Italy). His Master’s thesis project (under supervision of Marco Rasponi) centered on the design and fabrication of microfluidic devices for in vitro studies, specifically Gut- and Lung-on-Chip models. Mohammad joined the Microsystems group at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) to pursue his PhD under the supervision of Jaap M.J. den Toonder. During his PhD, he worked on the fabrication of Cancer-on-Chip devices to replicate the cancer microenvironment in vitro (Moore4Medical project). With a strong collaborative mindset, Mohammad actively initiated multiple partnerships during his PhD, resulting in a 1.5-year guest researcher position at the MCBI department of Amsterdam UMC, where he focused on developing Lymphoma-on-Chip models. Currently, he is a postdoctoral researcher in the Malda Lab, where he specializes in multi-axis biofabrication techniques, focusing on the 3D bioprinting of complex-shaped orthopedic and cardiac tissues.

Professorship for Bioprinting Technologies / Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU)
Tomasz Jungst is a Junior Professor at the University Hospital Wuerzburg focusing his research on bioprinting techniques and biofabrication of biomimetic vascular grafts and cardiovascular tissues. He studied nanostructural engineering at the University of Wuerzburg. Tomasz did his Ph.D. at the Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry where he already dived into the field of biofabrication and developed new 3D-printing methods for biofabrication and regenerative medicine.